Top best R Lawyers in ZIP 19103 | 3135 available
3135 R lawyers are available in ZIP code 19103 in Philadelphia, California. Average rating of these lawyers is 4.5/5 and 57% provide free consultation with average fees of $355 per hour.
1881 - 3135
$203 - $507
42% - 72%
4.3 - 4.7 ★
3135 R Lawyers Found Near You
“I became a workers’ compensation lawyer because I experienced firsthand the pain that families go through when a family member is involved in a workers’ comp case and their employer and its insurance company refuse to provide benefits. I never want a client or their family to go through what my mother and our family went through when my mother was severely injured at work. On the bright side, this experience gave me an ability to see the world through my clients’ eyes and to help support them during what might be some of the most difficult times in their lives.”
When I was young, my dad told me I had an obligation to stand up for people who couldn’t stand up for themselves. Being an attorney at Pond Lehocky Giordano allows me to do that—and make a huge difference in people’s lives. I am able to level the playing field and take the fight to the insurance company, when otherwise my client would be in a David vs. Goliath situation. The best part about being a lawyer is being able to help clients whose worlds have been turned upside down by getting them into good situations both financially and medically and with a plan for the future for them and their families. I can assure my clients without hesitation that no one will outwork me on their case, and no one will be better prepared to argue their case before the judge.
Valentine A. Brown is a partner at Duane Morris LLP in the Employment, Labor, Benefits and Immigration Practice Group. She serves as global immigration law counsel to a diverse group of multi-national and domestic corporations and their employees, providing advice, compliance audits and representation to help navigate the intricacies of US and foreign immigration laws. Ms. Brown also represents individuals in all types of immigration proceedings, including persons of extraordinary ability; spouses, fiancées and children of US citizens; naturalization and political asylum applicants; as well as respondents in deportation and immigration appellate proceedings.. Ms. Brown is an instructor for the Duane Morris Institute, which provides training in all areas of employment law for human resource professionals, in house counsel, benefits administrators and managers through classes in Philadelphia, client-site trainings and webinars. Ms. Brown’s courses include, I-9 Compliance Basics; E-Verify for Everyone; E-Verify for Federal Contractors, Electronic I-9s: The Pros, the Cons and the Requirements; and H-1B Public Access Files: What Employers Need to Know.. Ms. Brown is a former law clerk to the Honorable John. J. Gossart, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Baltimore, Maryland, a magna cum laude graduate of the University of Baltimore School of Law and a graduate of the University of Delaware. She is fluent in Spanish and conversant in French.
Thomas J. Petrelli, Jr. is the managing partner of Petrelli Previtera, LLC, focusing on cases of divorce and related matters, support, custody, and parental rights. Mr. Petrelli invites you to call our office and set up an initial consultation.. His goal is to help families of all shapes and sizes overcome the difficult legal matters that arise with divorce, child custody, premarital agreements, and domestic violence. Mr. Petrelli is driven by the need to let justice and integrity prevail. Whether it's the fair distribution of assets in a divorce or the legal means of protection for a victim of abuse, you can be sure that he will work tirelessly to find the right solution for the situation.. EDUCATION. JURISDICTIONS ADMITTED TO PRACTICE
Thomas J. Giordano, Jr., currently leads the day-to-day operations of Pond Lehocky Giordano and also heads Pond Lehocky Disability, Pond Lehocky’s Social Security Disability department. Mr. Giordano is admitted to practice law in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Arizona and before the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of Texas. He earned his undergraduate degree, cum laude, in communications studies from Towson University in Maryland. He received his law degree from Rutgers University School of Law – Camden.
The Disability Benefits Law Center represents disabled individuals throughout Philadelphia and its suburbs, the Lehigh Valley and nearby New Jersey and Delaware communities in Social Security Disability (SSD) and SSI disability claims. We provide committed, effective and personal legal help to individuals who are considering applying for SSD and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits, those who have applied, as well as those who have had applications denied and want to appeal that decision. Our lawyers have helped thousands of individuals obtain disability benefits, and we are here to help you. Attorney Ted Walkenhorst and attorney David Machek are highly experienced in disability law. Our attorneys are members of NOSSCR (National Organization of Social Security Claimants’ Representatives) and the Social Security Committee of the Philadelphia Bar Association. We remain current on Social Security disability law and teach disability law to other attorneys. Our professional staff is equally committed to our clients and to a successful outcome in every case. Our clients receive personal attention and devoted representation at all stages of the process—from the initial application through federal court appeals (if needed). We are here to answer your questions, be your advocates and make sure you get the SSD and SSI disability benefits you need and deserve. We help clients in Pennsylvania cities that include: Philadelphia, Abington, Allentown, Bensalem, Bristol, Bethlehem, Coatesville, Media, West Chester, Cheltenham, Doylestown, Elkins Park, Glenside, Hatboro, Horsham, Huntingdon Valley, Lansdale, Levittown, Norristown, Upper Darby, Chester, Warminster, Willow Grove, Norristown, Reading, Wilkes-Barre, Scranton and Harrisburg. We help clients in New Jersey cities that include: Camden, Newark, Willingboro, Trenton and Cherry Hill. We help clients from Delaware cities that include: Dover and Wilmington.
Steven T. Brecher is an associate at Wapner Newman P.C., focusing primarily on representing victims injured due to medical malpractice, motor vehicle accidents, premises liability, products liability, and construction site accidents. With an unwavering commitment to justice, Mr. Brecher has tried and/or arbitrated hundreds of cases, showcasing his extensive courtroom experience and dedication to his clients. His relentless pursuit of justice has resulted in many cases settling for over seven figures, underscoring his proficiency in achieving substantial settlements.. Mr. Brecher graduated from Temple University in 2011 with a Bachelor of Arts in History. He earned his Juris Doctor degree in 2016 from the Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law. During his time in law school, Mr. Brecher interned with United States Magistrate Judge Marilyn Heffley and at the Montgomery County Public Defender’s Office, where he gained invaluable legal insights and honed his advocacy skills.. Admitted to practice in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of New Jersey, Mr. Brecher is an active member of the Pennsylvania Bar Association, New Jersey Bar Association, and the Philadelphia Trial Lawyers Association. His exceptional legal acumen has been recognized by his peers, earning him the title of Pennsylvania Super Lawyer Rising Star every year since 2022.. When not in the office, Mr. Brecher enjoys playing basketball in local Philadelphia intramural leagues. His dedication to both his profession and his community makes him a pivotal member of the Wapner Newman team and a steadfast advocate for his clients’ rights and interests.
Since 1981, Attorney Charles J. Schleifer has stood by the sides of those injured in serious accidents. As a senior partner at Haggerty, Goldberg, Schleifer & Kupersmith, P.C., Mr. Schleifer spends ample amounts of time crafting aggressive and strong defenses on behalf of his clients in order to help them pursue maximum monetary compensation. Over the years, he has recovered millions of dollars for accidents victims, which has earned him inclusion on the Pennsylvania Super Lawyers® list. As an experienced and compassionate personal injury lawyer, Mr. Schleifer is dedicated to protecting the futures and rights of injury victims throughout Philadelphia and the surrounding areas. https://www.hgsklawyers.com/ Office:
Sharlenn E. Pratt is an associate practicing in Zarwin Baum's insurance defense litigation department. Her practice focuses on a diverse range of civil litigation matters, including restaurant and hospitality liability, professional, products, premises, and liquor liability as well as construction defects. Before joining the firm, Sharlenn was an associate at Barker, Scott & Gelfand, where for more than five years she defended municipalities and municipal employees in numerous complex civil matters involving federal and state civil rights and statutory employment discrimination.. Sharlenn is admitted to practice in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York. She is also admitted to practice before the United States District Courts, District of New Jersey and United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.. In 2002, Sharlenn earned her law degree from Rutgers University School of Law, Camden Campus. While attending law school, she participated in the Hunter-Advanced Moot Court Competition and received the Excellence in Litigation Award from the Center of Forensic Economic Studies. She also served as a judicial intern for the United States District Court Judge, Joel A. Pisano. Upon graduation, Sharlenn served as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable Michael J. Nelson of the New Jersey Superior Court.. Sharlenn earned her Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude, from Drexel University in 1999, where she was awarded the Outstanding Academic Achievement Award for three consecutive years and the Dean Popadakis Award for Senior Excellence in Academics.
Sam Pond's commitment to advocating for the injured and disabled, particularly hard-working union members, is rooted in a profound personal and professional journey. Raised in the blue-collar neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, Sam's father, a union machinist at the Philadelphia Gas Works, instilled in him an early understanding of the challenges faced by laborers.. Sam's own experience as a union laborer during his late teenage years, enduring grueling 90-hour workweeks while laying pipelines across Pennsylvania, shaped his dedication to those whose livelihoods sustain their families. This early exposure to the hardships of labor laid the foundation for his lifelong advocacy.. Before embarking on his legal career, Sam worked in demanding roles at iconic Philadelphia establishments, such as The Philadelphia Inquirer (where he worked for a local mailer's union), Christian Schmidt Brewing Co. (affectionately known as "Schmidt’s"), and Tastykake. These on-your-feet-all-day jobs not only solidified his work ethic but also exposed him to the challenges faced by workers in various industries.. This diverse set of experiences—working in physically demanding jobs, witnessing the struggles of union members, and understanding the intricate dynamics of different workplaces—shaped Sam's perspective on workers' rights and fueled his passion for justice.. This multifaceted journey ultimately led Sam Pond to become a founding partner and the managing partner of one of the nation's largest workers' compensation and disability law firms. His unique background, coupled with a deep-seated empathy for the vulnerable, has defined his approach to legal advocacy. Sam's unwavering commitment to those injured while putting food on their families' tables remains a driving force in his pursuit of a fair and just society.. In summary, Sam Pond's advocacy is not merely a professional calling but a personal mission deeply rooted in a lifetime of experiences, reflecting his dedication to the well-being of workers and the pursuit of justice for the injured and disabled.
Ruxandra M. Osgood has been devoted to representing workers since her undergraduate studies. She received her bachelor’s degree in industrial and labor relations from Cornell University followed by her law degree from Villanova University in 2014.. Ms. Osgood concentrates her practice exclusively in the area of workers’ compensation and is devoted to protecting the rights of injured workers. She also currently serves on the Executive Committee of the Philadelphia Bar Association’s Workers’ Compensation Section. Ms. Osgood has published several articles in The Legal Intelligencer and is an active member of the Philadelphia Trial Lawyers Association and Pennsylvania Association for Justice. She has also been a guest lecturer at Villanova Law School for the program’s Pennsylvania workers’ compensation course.. Ms. Osgood’s time and experience as an All-Ivy athlete and captain of Cornell University’s Division I varsity women’s tennis team provided her with the foundation to develop and grow her leadership, communication and management skills, which she applies to the competitive and dynamic workers’ compensation practice. Ms. Osgood is fluent in both English and Romanian.
Randi L. Rubin leads the Family Law practice with the primary objective of achieving her clients’ goals with compassion and zealous advocacy. Randi focuses her practice on a wide range of family law matters representing clients in complex custody matters and complicated divorce and support matters. As a seasoned trial lawyer, Randi litigates in courts in Bucks County, Chester County, Delaware County, Montgomery County, Philadelphia County in Pennsylvania, and Southern New Jersey. Her clients include business owners, entrepreneurs, and high-net-worth individuals requiring sophisticated advice.. Randi provides timely, responsive, individualized service and takes great strides to explain the legal process and prepare clients for all phases of litigation, court appearances, mediation, and evaluations. Randi exercises strong judgment and utilizes her keen business acumen to identify opportunities to engage in early negotiation and settlement discussions. Adding to her wide range of legal experience, Randi has personally experienced divorce firsthand. As a result, she exudes patience and understanding for her clients’ and their families’ emotional transition.. In addition to her matrimonial practice, Randi is an entrepreneur in the cannabis industry. Randi was a member and contributor to obtaining one of the first dispensary licenses in Pennsylvania in 2017 and is currently a member and investor in a dispensary in New Jersey.. Before concentrating her practice in family law, Randi practiced commercial litigation focusing on disputes and transactions involving real estate and finance, intellectual property, shareholder disputes and business divorce, trade secrets, and employment law. Her diverse and extensive litigation skills outside of family law provide her clients with the added benefit of an experienced trial lawyer who understands a variety of complex businesses, their corporate and financial structures, tax implications, and the economic effects of divorce.
Pond Lehocky Giordano’s reputation for staunchly defending clients’ rights aligns seamlessly with my drive and passion for legal service. This collaboration ensures that every client receives unparalleled dedication, thoroughness, and ingenious strategies. My clients can rest easy knowing that when they are facing tough legal battles, I will stand by their side, prepared, relentless, and ever-persistent in the pursuit of justice.
Philadelphia criminal defense lawyer Michael Fienman successfully represents individuals facing serious criminal and traffic offenses in Philadelphia, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Fienman has a great deal of legal experience in all criminal areas. Prior to founding his law practice, he maintained a general litigation practice in business matters and disputes. He since realized, practicing criminal law was a strength of his. Whether you are charged with a traffic violation, drug crime, sex crime, theft, dui or other serious offense, Michael Fienman can help you.. Contact Fienman Defense if you are looking for a lawyer who will aggressively pursue your case while keeping you informed throughout the process. We will make ourselves available to clients most anytime day or night, including weekends. My fees are reasonable and payment plans are available for those who qualify.. Call today for a free, no obligation consultation:.
Peter Klenk is the principal of a boutique law firm concentrating its practice in probate, estate planning, will challenges and estate related litigation. Peter and staff work with clients to craft estate plans that fit the given circumstances. These plans range from wills, powers of attorneys and living wills to detailed trusts and complex plans that reduce or avoid inheritance and estate taxes or create trusts to protect special needs persons. Focusing exclusively on estate planning and probate has given our lawyers the experience and knowledge to represent fiduciaries such as personal representatives, executors, agents and trustees. Beneficiaries and potential heirs of trusts and estates also retain us to represent their interests in estate related disputes such as will challenges or to force executor or trustee accountings. Estate related litigation might include tortuous interference with expectancy, will contests, elective share disputes, undue influence, lack of capacity and trust construction. If you need estate related representation you should hire an attorney who focuses on estates. Estate planning, probate and related litigation, its all we do!
My name is Rob Sink. I am the managing attorney of The Law Offices of Robert W.
Sink. I have been practicing personal injury and complex litigation law in the
Philadelphia area since 1994. If you decide to hire me, your case becomes my
cause. I strive to treat the case of each and every client as importantly as if
they were members of my own family.
Mr. Wenge serves as a Committee Member of the Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and is a certified arbitrator for the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas. He has previously served as a member of the Bar Leadership Council for Philadelphia’s Community Legal Services (CLS) and a volunteer for Philadelphia VIP, which provides pro bono legal services to low-income Philadelphians.. Prior to joining Pond Lehocky, Mr. Wenge practiced at several trial firms, representing injured Pennsylvanians in state and federal jury and arbitrational matters, including construction site accidents, industrial accidents, OSHA violations, insurance bad faith, products liability, premises liability, workers’ compensation and Social Security disability.
Mr. Lehocky embarked on his legal career in 1985, focusing on Workers' Compensation and Social Security litigation. Initially, he represented employers and insurance companies. However, in 1991, he shifted his practice exclusively to advocating for claimants in the realms of Workers' Compensation and Social Security Disability.
Mr. Hurd is proud to be an active Trial Attorney, practicing in Pennsylvania and New Jersey since 2007. Mr. Hurd has an intimate understanding of how an accident or malpractice can affect your life. More importantly, he understands what is necessary to fight the insurance companies and obtain compensation for injuries caused by the negligence of others.. Mr. Hurd has successfully represented hundreds of injured victims in a variety of personal injury matters, including: wrongful death, motor vehicle accidents (car, tractor-trailer, bus / SEPTA, motorcycle, pedestrian and bicycle), premises liability (slip / trip and fall accidents), medical malpractice, products liability, FELA and workers’ compensation claims. He has litigated numerous claims at the municipal, arbitration and trial court levels in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.. Mr. Hurd also serves as a certified Arbitrator for the Court of Common Pleas Philadelphia Compulsory Arbitration program.. Mr. Hurd is a 2003 graduate of Franklin & Marshall College and 2007 graduate of Villanova University School of Law. While in law school, Mr. Hurd was selected to serve as an executive member of the Villanova University School of Law Moot Court board. Mr. Hurd additionally served as a judicial extern for the Honorable Rayford A. Means of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division.. Mr. Hurd has been repeatedly named a “Rising Star” in the Personal Injury practice area by Super Lawyers® magazine’s Pennsylvania edition. The “Rising Star” category consists of a selection of top lawyers who are under the age of 40 or who have been in practice for 10 years or less, as nominated and selected by their peers, in each practice area. Mr. Hurd was additionally recognized by The National Trial Lawyers as a Top 100 Trial Lawyer in Pennsylvania.. If you have been injured in an accident, you are a victim of malpractice, or if you have any questions about whether you may have a legal claim, call Mr. Hurd for a free consultation.
Miriam “Mimi” Newman is a skilled personal injury lawyer at HGSK who is licensed to practice in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. She handles a wide variety of claims, including those involving slip and fall accidents, motor vehicle accidents, wrongful death actions, professional malpractice, insurance bad faith, and dram shop cases. She also handles appeals cases and arbitrations.. Prior to becoming a personal injury lawyer, Mimi drafted business plans and conducted marketing research for local companies. After law school, she worked as a law clerk in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, where she drafted briefs and judicial opinions regarding trial and evidentiary matters.. Mimi is an annual volunteer instructor for Junior Achievement, a national business education program for elementary school students. In addition, she is a graduate of the FBI Citizens Academy and her local police Citizens Academy. Mimi is the author of “Pennsylvania Motions in Limine,” a legal text published by Thomson West.. https://www.hgsklawyers.com/ Office:
Miriam Benton Barish is a partner with the law firm of Anapol Schwartz Weiss Cohan Feldman & Smalley. Ms. Barish has earned a reputation for vigorously advocating on behalf of her clients, while also handling her clients with compassion. She concentrates her practice in, motor vehicle matters, premises liability including premise security liability, as well as toxic torts Asbestos, Benzene, lead paint poisoning, and other chemical exposure, products liability litigation including flammability cases. A strong advocate for consumer safety, Barish recently represented a family whose two-year old son was catastrophically injured in a mattress fire, resulting in a significant confidential settlement due to the failure to provide any flame retardants or barriers in the fabric or foam of the mattress.. She has also been a strong advocate in the development of the law regarding protecting the rights of women. She has actively litigated premises liability cases regarding the safety and security of women. She participated in obtaining a landmark verdict, in the first case of its kind, regarding a wrongful death case arising from the negligent premises security of two women. She has actively litigated many other premises liability security cases for negligent security, including the sexual and violent assault of a female inpatient of a psychiatric hospital; the robbery and assault of a female patron in a large retail store parking lot.. Ms. Barishis a board member of thePhiladelphia Trial Lawyers Associationandhas been involved in and actively participated in the Volunteers for the Indigent Program (VIP), which provides pro bono legal services for the poor. She also is the Philadelphia Chairman of the Widener Women’s Network, a network exclusively dedicated to developing networking opportunities for Widener Women Alumnae.. In 1988, Ms. Barish earned her Bachelor’s degree from Temple University School of Business. She received her law degree, cum laude, from Widener University School of Law in 1992. She is admitted to practice in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Michigan.. Anapol, Schwartz, Weiss, Cohan, Feldman and Smalley, P.C., is headquartered in Center City Philadelphia, and has offices in Harrisburg, New Jersey, and West Virginia and has a national reputation for skilled legal representation of victims who suffer from serious and catastrophic injuries. The firm focuses it practice on Civil and Complex Personal Injury Litigation and Commercial Litigation, and handles class actions, pharmaceutical drug cases, and securities law throughout the country.
Minos H. Galanos is an experienced personal injury trial attorney who has been vigorously representing clients in Pennsylvania and New Jersey since 2009. Minos has tried over 60 jury trials and countless arbitrations. He is admitted to practice in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and the Third Circuit Court of Appeals. After spending the first twelve years of his practice defending large corporations and insurance companies, he has now transitioned to helping people obtain justice. He focuses his practice on premises liability, motor vehicle accidents, construction accidents, dram shop law and workplace injuries.
Kyle J. Keller is an accomplished trial lawyer who focuses his practice on representing clients who have suffered serious injuries from medical errors, falldown incidents, motor vehicle accidents, and various other personal injury accidents.. Kyle was recognized as a “Rising Star” by the Pennsylvania Super Lawyers in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, a distinction reserved for only the top 2.5 percent of Pennsylvania attorneys 40 years old and younger.. Kyle received his B.A. in Criminal Justice in 2001 from Monmouth University and his J.D. in 2005 from Rutgers University School of Law – Camden. During law school he interned with the Honorable Lee B. Laskin, J.S.C., in the New Jersey Superior Court, Camden County. Upon graduating law school, he served as the law clerk to the Honorable Joseph E. Kane, J.S.C., New Jersey Superior Court, Atlantic County. Licensed to practice in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Kyle is also admitted to appear before the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, and the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.. Kyle grew up in Southern New Jersey and currently resides in Voorhees, New Jersey with his wife, Courtney and their two children, Delaney and Declan. In his spare time, Kyle enjoys playing golf, spending time at the shore, and supporting Philadelphia’s sports teams.
Kajal Alemo is admitted to practice law in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. She is a member of both the Philadelphia Trial Lawyers Association and American Association for Justice, where she serves as the Immediate Past Chair of the Social Security Disability Section.. Before joining Pond Lehocky, Ms. Alemo practiced for a large Philadelphia law firm, where she assisted senior counsel with the coding of potentially discoverable corporate documents, including privilege determinations for a high profile merger. She was also co-editor of a legal textbook regarding law and business enterprise.. A graduate of Villanova University School of Law, Ms. Alemo was the Villanova Law student director of Face to Face Legal Clinic for the Pro Bono Society. She interned at Face to Face during all three years of law school. She was also a student attorney at the Villanova Civil Justice Clinic where she handled her first Social Security case.. Ms. Alemo has been recognized by The Legal Intelligencer for her pro bono work. She has also been recognized by the Philadelphia Bar Association for outstanding work in public service and is a recipient of the Dorothy Day Public Service Award.. In 2016, she was selected as a Top Woman in Law by The Legal Intelligencer’s editorial staff and invited to participate in the Women in the Profession Roundtable that year. She was later invited to moderate roundtable discussions on the topic Breaking into the Boys’ Club at the 2018. Women in Law and Leadership Summit hosted by CenterForce. She moderated again in 2019 on the topic of Women & Self Advocacy: Damned if you Do, Damned if you Don’t.. In 2019, Ms. Alemo became the head of the ground-breaking Resolution Team at Pond Lehocky Giordano. This team’s sole purpose is to ensure that every workers’ compensation client has their case analyzed and prepared for the best resolution possible. Prior to forming the Resolution Team, she litigated thousands of Social Security Disability cases to favorable conclusions.
Judy Greenwood, Esquire. Medical Malpractice Attorney and Birth Injury Lawyer. I founded the Law Offices of Judy Greenwood, P.C. in 1993 and have been litigating serious personal injury cases, with an emphasis in women and children’s injuries, since I began my practice. Many of my cases are medical malpractice cases filed on behalf of women and children against doctors and hospitals. While I aggressively represent my clients, I offer a caring approach to their circumstances. I graduated from Temple University in 1971 with a Bachelor of Science degree and from Rutgers University of Law in 1975 with a Juris Doctor degree. After graduating from law school I worked as a public interest lawyer litigating on behalf of indigent clients both in state and federal court. I joined the person injury firm Bernstein, Bernstein, & Harrison, where I became a partner and litigated cases involving medical malpractice, product liability, auto and trucking accidents, and workplace and recreational injury cases for the firm. Since 1993, when I founded my own firm, I have successfully litigated serious personal injury cases on behalf of my clients who are catastrophically injured.