N.D. Cent. Code § 10-32.1-39

10-32.1-39. Management of a limited liability company

1. A limited liability company is a member-managed limited liability company unless the

operating agreement:

a. Expressly provides that:

(1) The company is or will be "manager-managed" or "board-managed";

(2) The company is or will be "managed by managers" or "managed by a

board"; or

(3) Management of the company is or will be "vested in managers" or "vested in

a board"; or

b. Includes words of similar import.

2. a. Except as provided in subdivision b, in a member-managed limited liability

company, the following rules apply:

(1) The management and conduct of the company are vested in the members.

(2) Each member has equal rights in the management and conduct of the

activities of the company.

(3) A difference arising among members as to a matter in the ordinary course of

the activities of the company may be decided by a majority of the members.

(4) An act outside the ordinary course of the activities of the company may be

undertaken only with the consent of all members, except member consent is

not required for the grant of a lien on or security interest in all or

substantially all of the company's property and assets, whether in the usual

and regular course of the company's business, or for the transfer of any or

all of the company's property to an organization, all of the ownership

interests that are directly or indirectly owned through wholly owned

organizations, by the company.

(5) The operating agreement may be amended only with the consent of all

members.

b. Notwithstanding subdivision a, in a member-managed limited liability company

created after July 31, 2017, the following rules apply:

(1) The management and conduct of the company are vested in the members.

(2) Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or in an operating

agreement, each member possesses voting power in the management and

conduct of the activities of the company in proportion to the interest of the

member in distributions of the limited liability company before dissolution

and winding up.

(3) A difference arising among members as to a matter in the ordinary course of

the activities of the company may be decided by a majority of the voting

power of the transferable interest of the members.

(4) An act outside the ordinary course of the activities of the company may be

undertaken only with the consent of all members.

(5) The operating agreement may be amended only with the consent of all

members.

3. In a manager-managed limited liability company, the following rules apply:

a. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, any matter relating to the

activities of the company is decided exclusively by the managers.

b. Each manager has equal rights in the management and conduct of the activities

of the company.

c. A difference arising among managers as to a matter in the ordinary course of the

activities of the company may be decided by a majority of the managers.

d. The consent of all members is required to:

(1) Sell, lease, exchange, or otherwise dispose of all, or substantially all, of the

property of the company, with or without the good will, outside the ordinary

course of the activities of the company, except member consent is not

required for the grant of a lien on or security interest in all or substantially all

of the company's property and assets, whether in the usual and regular

course of the company's business, or for the transfer of any or all of the

company's property to an organization, all of the ownership interests that are

directly or indirectly owned through wholly owned organizations, by the

company;

(2) Approve a merger, conversion, or domestication under sections 10-32.1-55

through 10-32.1-71;

(3) Undertake any other act outside the ordinary course of the activities of the

company; or
s, or for the transfer of any or all of the

company's property to an organization, all of the ownership interests that are

directly or indirectly owned through wholly owned organizations, by the

company;

(2) Approve a merger, conversion, or domestication under sections 10-32.1-55

through 10-32.1-71;

(3) Undertake any other act outside the ordinary course of the activities of the

company; or

(4) Amend the operating agreement.

e. A manager may be chosen at any time by the consent of a majority of the

members and remains a manager until a successor has been chosen, unless the

manager at an earlier time resigns, is removed, or dies, or, in the case of a

manager that is not an individual, terminates. A manager may be removed at any

time by the consent of a majority of the members without notice or cause.

f. A person need not be a member to be a manager, but the dissociation of a

member that is also a manager removes the person as a manager. If a person

that is both a manager and a member ceases to be a manager, that cessation

does not by itself dissociate the person as a member.

g. The ceasing of a person to be a manager does not discharge any debt,

obligation, or other liability to the limited liability company or members which the

person incurred while a manager.

4. In a board-managed limited liability company, the following rules apply:

a. The activities and affairs of a limited liability company are to be managed by and

under the direction of a board of governors, which shall consist of one or more

governors as determined by members holding a majority of the voting power of

the members. Except as specifically stated in this subsection and in

subsection 11 of section 10-32.1-21 and subject to section 10-32.1-24:

(1) The board acts only through an act of the board;

(2) No individual governor has any right or power to act for the limited liability

company; and

(3) Only officers, managers, or other agents designated by the board or through

a process approved by the board have the right to act for the limited liability

company, and that right extends only to the extent consistent with the terms

of the designation.

b. A governor must be an individual. An individual need not be a member to be a

governor, but the dissociation of a member who is an individual and who also a

governor disqualifies the individual as a governor. If an individual who is both a

governor and a member ceases to be a governor, that cessation does not by itself

dissociate the individual as a member. The ceasing of an individual to be a

governor does not discharge any debt, obligation, or other liability to the limited

liability company or members which the individual incurred while a governor.

c. The method of election and any additional qualifications for governors will be as

determined by members holding a majority of the voting power of the members.

Governors are elected by a plurality of the voting power present and entitled to

vote on the election of governors at a duly called or held meeting at which a

quorum is present.

d. A member may waive notice of a meeting for the election of governors. The

waiver of notice by a member under this subdivision is effective whether given

before, at, or after the meeting, and whether given in a record, orally, or by

attendance. Attendance by a member at a meeting for election of governors is a

waiver of notice of that meeting, except where the member objects at the

beginning of the meeting to the transaction of business because the meeting is

not lawfully called or convened and does not participate in the meeting after the

objection.

e. Once elected, a governor holds office for the term for which the governor was

elected and until a successor is elected, or until the earlier death, resignation,

disqualification, or removal of the governor. A governor may resign at any time. A

governor may be removed at any time, without cause and without advance
lled or convened and does not participate in the meeting after the

objection.

e. Once elected, a governor holds office for the term for which the governor was

elected and until a successor is elected, or until the earlier death, resignation,

disqualification, or removal of the governor. A governor may resign at any time. A

governor may be removed at any time, without cause and without advance

notice, by a majority of the voting power of all of the members. The existence of

vacancies does not affect the power of the board to function if at least one

governor remains in office.

f. When a vacancy occurs, the limited liability company shall immediately notify all

members in a record of the vacancy, stating the cause of the vacancy and the

date the notice is sent. Within thirty days of that date, the members may fill the

vacancy in the same method the members may elect governors under

subdivision c. If the vacancy is not filled by the members under this subdivision,

then the vacancy may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the

remaining governors, even though less than a quorum.

g. The board shall meet from time to time as determined by members holding a

majority of the voting power of the members, at a place decided by the board. If

the day or date, time, and place of a board of governors meeting have been

provided in a board resolution, or announced at a previous meeting of the board

of governors, then no notice is required. Notice of an adjourned meeting need not

be given other than by announcement at the meeting at which adjournment is

taken. If notice is required for a meeting, then notice shall be made in the manner

stated in subdivision h.

h. A governor may call a board meeting by giving at least ten days' notice in a

record to all governors of the date, time, and place of the meeting. The notice

need not state the purpose of the meeting. As to each governor, the notice is

effective when given.

i. "Notice" shall be determined as provided in subsection 35 of section 10-32.1-02.

j. A governor may waive notice of a meeting of the board of governors. A waiver of

notice by a governor entitled to notice is effective whether given before, at, or

after the meeting, and whether given in a record, orally, or by attendance.

Attendance by a governor at a meeting is a waiver of notice of that meeting,

except where the governor objects at the beginning of the meeting to the

transaction of business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened

and does not participate in the meeting after the objection.

k. A majority of the governors currently holding office is a quorum for the transaction

of business. When a quorum is present at a duly called or held meeting of the

board, the vote of a majority of the directors present constitutes an act of the

board. If a quorum is present when a duly called or held meeting is convened,

then the governors present may continue to transact business until adjournment,

even though the withdrawal of a number of governors originally present leaves

less than the proportion or number otherwise required for a quorum.

l. Any meeting among governors may be conducted solely by one or more means

of remote communication through which all of the governors may participate with

each other during the meeting, if the number of governors participating in the

meeting would be sufficient to constitute a quorum. Participation in a meeting

through remote communication constitutes presence in person at the meeting.

m. A governor may participate in a board of governors meeting by means of remote

communication, through which the governor, other governors so participating, and

all governors physically present at the meeting may participate with each other

during the meeting. Participation in a meeting through remote communication

constitutes presence in person at the meeting.
ence in person at the meeting.

m. A governor may participate in a board of governors meeting by means of remote

communication, through which the governor, other governors so participating, and

all governors physically present at the meeting may participate with each other

during the meeting. Participation in a meeting through remote communication

constitutes presence in person at the meeting.

n. An action required or permitted to be taken at a board meeting may be taken by

written action signed by the number of governors that would be required to take

the same action at a meeting of the board of governors at which all governors

were present. The written action is effective when signed by the required number

of governors, unless a different effective time is provided in the written action.

When written action is permitted to be taken by less than all governors, then all

governors must be notified immediately of its text and effective date. Failure to

provide the notice does not invalidate the written action. A governor who does not

sign or consent to the written action has no liability for the action or actions taken

by the written action.

o. If the board designates a person as "chief manager", "president", "chief executive

officer", or another title of similar import, then that person shall:

(1) Serve as an agent of the limited liability company at the will of the board,

without prejudice to any rights the person may have under a contract with

the limited liability company;

(2) Have general active management of the business of the limited liability

company, subject to the supervision and control of the board;

(3) See that all orders and resolutions of the board of governors are carried into

effect;

(4) Sign and deliver in the name of the limited liability company any deeds,

mortgages, bonds, contracts, or other instruments pertaining to the business

of the limited liability company, except in cases in which the authority to sign

and deliver is required by law to be exercised by another person or is

expressly delegated by the board of governors to some other officer or

agent of the limited liability company;

(5) Maintain records of and, whenever necessary, certify all proceedings of the

board of governors and the members; and

(6) Perform other duties prescribed by the board of governors.

p. If the board designates a person as "treasurer", "chief financial officer", or another

title of similar import, then that person shall:

(1) Serve as an agent of the limited liability company at the will of the board,

without prejudice to any rights the person may have under a contract with

the limited liability company;

(2) Keep accurate financial records for the limited liability company;

(3) Deposit all money, drafts, and checks in the name of and to the credit of the

limited liability company in the banks and depositories designated by the

board of governors;

(4) Endorse for deposit all notes, checks, and drafts received by the limited

liability company as ordered by the board of governors, making proper

vouchers for them;

(5) Disburse limited liability company funds and issue checks and drafts in the

name of the limited liability company, as ordered by the board of governors;

(6) Give to the chief executive officer and the board of governors, whenever

requested, an account of all transactions by the chief financial officer and of

the financial condition of the limited liability company; and

(7) Perform other duties prescribed by the board of governors or by the chief

executive officer.

q. The consent of all members is required to:
dered by the board of governors;

(6) Give to the chief executive officer and the board of governors, whenever

requested, an account of all transactions by the chief financial officer and of

the financial condition of the limited liability company; and

(7) Perform other duties prescribed by the board of governors or by the chief

executive officer.

q. The consent of all members is required to:

(1) Sell, lease, exchange, or otherwise dispose of all, or substantially all, of the

property of the company, with or without the good will, outside the ordinary

course of the activities of the company, except member consent is not

required for the grant of a lien on or security interest in all or substantially all

of the company's property and assets, whether in the usual and regular

course of the company's business, or for the transfer of any or all of the

company's property to an organization, all of the ownership interests that are

directly or indirectly owned through wholly owned organizations, by the

company;

(2) Approve a merger, conversion, or domestication under sections 10-32.1-55

through 10-32.1-71; and

(3) Amend the operating agreement.

r. Subject to subsection 4 of section 10-32.1-05, for purposes of this subsection,

each member possesses voting power in proportion to the interest of the member

in distributions of the limited liability company before dissolution and a majority of

the voting power of the members is a quorum at a meeting of the members.

5. Any member may demand a meeting of the members to take action requiring consent

of members under this chapter upon not less than twenty days' notice to each member

in a record of the date and time of the meeting. Any meeting held upon member notice

shall be held at the principal executive office of the limited liability company if located

within this state, and at the registered office if the principal executive office is not

located within the state. Any action requiring the consent of members under this

chapter may be taken or approved without a meeting by the written consent of the

members holding the voting power required to take such action at a duly called

meeting at which all members were present. A member may appoint a proxy or other

agent to consent or otherwise act for the member by signing an appointing record,

personally or by the agent of the member.

6. The dissolution of a limited liability company does not affect the applicability of this

section. However, a person that wrongfully causes dissolution of the company loses

the right to participate in management in any capacity.

7. This chapter does not entitle a member to remuneration for services performed for a

member-managed limited liability company, except for reasonable compensation for

services rendered in winding up the activities of the company.